Teylers Museum

During our previous visits to Haarlem, we’ve passed the entrance to the Teylers Museum, which stands on the Spaarn embankment, many times, but I’d never visited.

Open to the public since 1784, it was the first museum in the Netherlands. It was founded after the death of Pieter Teyler van der Hulst (1702-1778) a successful silk merchant and financier who had a wide range of interests in the arts and sciences. In his will, Teyler left two million guilders (roughly 80 million euros) to establish a foundation, to promote theology, the sciences, and the arts.  In 1779, the Foundation’s first directors commissioned the young architect Leendert Viervant to design a ‘Books and Art Room’ behind the Foundation House (Fundatiehuis, where Pieter Teyler had lived). The result was the Oval Room, which is still the heart of the museum, although the premises have been expanded considerably since then. In fact, it’s rather like the Tardis. It doesn’t look so big from the outside but once you’re inside there’s a whole series of interconnected rooms and a whole new extension which, from the outside, you wouldn’t know were there.

By Teylers Museum, Haarlem, the Netherlands, CC BY-SA 3.0 nl, Link

It’s quite an amazing place. In many ways it’s an old fashioned museum with lots of exhibits, including fossils, minerals, coins and scientific instruments, many in glass display cases. There’s also two galleries of paintings and a large collection of drawings and prints by artists including Michelangelo, Raphael, and  Rembrandt. The building itself is also fascinating. We spent a couple of hours looking round but there’s really too much to see during one visit.

Visitors are provided with an audio guide which provides information on selected exhibits by entering a number. For this summer the audio guide also includes an introductory tour, a “radio play” based on Napoleon’s visit to the museum in 1811 which focused on the history of the museum and key exhibits.

We followed the “Napoleon tour”, which took about half an hour, and then had a more detailed look around, concentrating on particular areas of interest.

Just a few of the large collection of fossils

Humanoid skulls and bones

Fluorescent minerals

The large electrostatic generator. They had smaller examples to see as well.

The Oval room was one of the highlights. Originally this was the whole museum! It’s lit only by natural light that comes in through the skylights – so it’s probably best to visit on a bright summer’s day!

It was difficult to get a shot that really shows off the room, so I resorted to embedding a picture from Wikipedia which was taken from the balcony, which isn’t accessible to the public.

By Teylers Museum, Haarlem, the Netherlands, CC BY-SA 3.0 nl, Link (source: Wikipedia)

A painting in one of the art galleries shows what the room looked like in 1800, with the large electrostatic generator in the centre.

A large horseshoe magnet supporting 100 kg

An early electric battery

An astronomical globe

The two art galleries were also lit by natural light

The collection mainly features works from the Dutch Romantic School and the later Hague School and Amsterdam Impressionists.

Wintergezicht met Schaatsers (1864) by Johan Barthold Jongkind

De Molen (1899) by Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch

Twee dienstboden op een Amsterdamse brug bij avond (1890) George Hendrik Breitner

Trommelslaagster (c 1908) by Isaac Israels

Like many other galleries and museums in the Netherlands there was a temporary exhibition marking 250 years since the death of Rembrandt. It featured prints by the master and some of his contemporaries.

As usual, I was bowled over by the beauty and the amazing detail of Rembrandt’s tiny prints. One of them had been blown up and covered the whole of one wall. Even on such a large scale the detail was amazing.

And this was the real thing, which, even though it is the largest of his landscape prints, was not even as big as an A3 sheet of paper

The newest part of the museum, an exhibition hall and a cafe, were built in 1996 and are airy, cantilevered spaces on two sides of a “secret” courtyard / garden.

It was time for some refreshment!

the Dutch know how to make mint tea!

We’d spent more than a couple of hours in the museum so had a last look around before returning our audio guides and leaving the building to meet up with our son and daughter, who’s been spending some time together.

Teylers is an excellent museum and I suspect we’ll be paying a visit another time when we next visit Haarlem.

Het Scheepvaartmuseum

The day before we left for our recent break in Amsterdam I was watching a programme on Channel 4 about the south coast of England. One of the features on the programme was about a buried shipwreck in the sand near to Hastings – the remains of the VSO sailing ship, Amsterdam. After showing the location of the wreck the presenters whizzed over to Amsterdam where they visited a reconstruction of the very same ship at the National Maritime Museum. Having seen the programme we decided it would be interesting to go and have a look for ourselves. So on the Wednesday of our holiday we took the tram to Centraal Station and walked along the waterfront to the Maritime Museum.

On the way we passed houseboats and historic ships and boats moored along the quays.

On the way we made a brief visit to Nemo, the Science Museum. The building, designed by Renzo Piano reminds me of a ship’s prow ploughing through the water.

Visitors can walk up onto the roof where there’s a great view across the water and over to the city.

I really liked the cartoon panorama designed by Jan Rothuizen

After a coffee in the roof top café, we made our way round the harbour to the Museum where we could see the Amsterdam moored alongside.

The museum building is a former naval storehouse and magazine, built in 1652.

Today the central courtyard has been covered with a glass roof, just like in the British Museum

There are exhibits in the North, west and east wings. We decided to start by walking through to the harbourside to have a closer look at the Amsterdam

Visitors can board the ship and look around both above and below deck

Although it was a merchantman it carried guns for protection

The museum recently introduced a new attraction on the ship – a virtual reality experience Dare to Discover which

transports visitors back to the 17th century when Amsterdam was the world’s largest port and the Netherlands was a world power. The VR journey allows visitors to witness a number of unique happenings from those days such as the construction of the Zeemagazijn – now home to Het Scheepvaartmuseum – and the building of warships on the shipyard premises. They can even join a farewell on the quayside where the crew is boarding one of the Dutch East India Company’s ships.

https://vimeo.com/246292139

There are two other boats to see on the harbourside,

including the very ornate Royal Barge

It was dinner time so we went back inside and enjoyed a light meal ( a hearty soup) before heading over to the east wing to explore the exhibitions.

There was an excellent collection of old maps (I found them fascinating and could have spent longer looking at them, including the interactive electronic versions that visitors could view on computer terminals – you could even email copies to yourself!)

There were also displays of models of yachts, navigational instruments,

ship decorations

and an extensive paintings of ships

and albums of old photographs, all displayed in interesting, engaging and imaginative ways.

Moving over to the west wing we visited the exhibitions about life in the Dutch Golden Age and whaling.

In the north wing we visited the exhibition about the Port of Amsterdam which includes a scale model of the modern port

Time was getting on and although there was more to see but  We’d spent considerably longer in the Museum than I’d expected and we were ready for some fresh air. So it was time to head back along the harbourside to get the tram back to our apartment. We had a meal booked in a nice restaurant in the evening and needed to get ready.

So an enjoyable few hours and glad I was glad that I’d seen the programme on Channel  4 which gave me the idea of visiting the museum.

The Molen de Adriaan

One of the main tourist attractions in Haarlem is the Molen de Adriaan,  a windmill that stands on the east bank of the River Spaarne. It was open during the afternoon of our day in the city so we decided to visit.

Unfortunately the original mill burnt down on April 23rd, 1932 so what we see today is a reconstruction that was completed in 2002 by a trust, the Stichting Molen Adriaan. Visits are by guided tour led by one of the Trust’s volunteers and which take just over an hour. It was very informative. As well as climbing up almost to the very top of the mill (for a good view over the city) we learned about the history of the mill, how it works and also about the role of windmills in the Netherlands, including how they were used for claiming land from the sea, lakes and marshy land to create the Netherlands we know today.

The windmill was built by the French Hugenot Adriaan Dubois (De Boois in Dutch), a merchant from Amsterdam. It was built on the foundations of the Goê Vrouwtoren, a tower that had originally been part of the city’s defensive wall. This took the sails above nearby buildings allowing it to catch the wind. During the tour we learned that the mill had originally been used to grind cement for mortar, shells for the pottery industry and oak bark for tanneries. Later owners converted it to grind tobacco for snuff and later still it became a flour mill. It’s history illustrating many of the wide range of uses of windmills.

We were also able to see the sails turning in the wind. The mill is used for training millers and on some days grinds corn to produce flour.

After our tour we had a drink and light meal in the very pleasant cafe belonging to the trust overlooking the mill and river.

Captain Cook Memorial Museum

James Cook was a renowned 18th century explorer and navigator who is best known for three epic voyages of exploration and whose accomplishments included mapping the Pacific, New Zealand and east coast of Australia. We have a particular interest in him as he’s in my wife’s family tree – she’s descended from one of his siblings (as are my children, of course!). So a visit to the Cook Memorial Museum in the centre of Whitby was a must during our recent holiday there. Especially on a wet Monday afternoon.

Cook was the son of a farm worker, born on 27 October 1728 in Marton, a small village near Middlesbrough, which was then in Yorkshire.  At the age of 17, Cook moved to Whitby to be apprenticed to Captain John Walker, a Quaker, who was a coal merchant and ship owner. During his apprenticeship he sailed on Captain Walker’s ships and when ashore lived with the other apprentice’s in the attic of the ship owner’s own house  in Grape Lane on Whitby’s harbour on the east side of the river. After learning his trade as a seaman he joined the Royal Navy in 1755, working his way through the ranks.

The museum website tells us

Built in 1688, the house is a good example of a Whitby master-mariner’s dwelling, both a comfortable home and the centre of the family shipping business. It retains much of its original internal decoration and has been carefully restored.

The atmosphere recalls that of a prosperous Quaker shipowner’s home.

Passing From here Captain Walker and his apprentices would be able to view his ships.

Entry into the museum is via the extension on the back of the original house.

The ground floor rooms are furnished according to an inventory made in the early 1750s. The rooms on the upper floors have exhibitions about Cook’s life and career.

This model on display inside the museum shows how the back of the house would have looked

The original kitchen floor was discovered relatively recently

The dining room

A sitting room

The view over the harbour from one of the windows on the landing

I found the exhibition rooms on the first and second floors very interesting. There were volunteers in a couple of the rooms who were very well informed and keen to tell curious visitors about aspects of Cook’s life and times. The volunteer in the room about navigation explained how ships in Cook’s era would work out their position and speed. There was a model of the Resolution, which also showed the crew and typical supplies that the ship would carry. The following picture is from the museum’s website as it was difficult to photograph due to reflections from its glass case

We learned that one of the officers on the expedition was a certain William Bligh – yes the same person who went on to captain the Bounty. The room volunteer pointed out the likeness of the figure in the model to Charles Lawson who played the part of Bligh in the well known film about the Mutiny on the Bounty!

The ships used on Cook’s expeditions were all adapted Whitby-built collier barks. The museum website tells us

These were sturdy and reliable, built to service the coal trade. They were capacious and an extra deck could be inserted into them in order to carry a far larger crew, together with stores for up to two years.

Another advantage was that collier barks were flat bottomed. They could therefore land on any flattish beach, rather than needing to tie up at a quay in a proper harbour. This was particularly useful when no-one knew what landing conditions would be like. Small boats were also carried for inshore work.

In Cook’s time the apprentices would have been quartered in the attic. They slept and spent their spare time here. It’s now used for the museum’s annual special exhibitions.

Looking out of the attic window

It was an excellent museum. I’d expected to spend about an hour there on a wet afternoon but we ended up staying much longer as there was a lot to see in a relatively small building and we learned quite a lot about Cook, life in a Whitby ship owner’s house, the architecture of houses during this period and also about aspects of seamanship.

Coming back out into the yard we spent some time reading the two information boards. One about the house

and the other about the various types of sailing vessels built in Whitby. I found this one particularly interesting and learned that a ship was originally a specific type of three masted  vessel. You live and learn!!

Astley Hall

Astley Hall, in Chorley Lancashire, is an excellent example of an Elizabethan style mansion.  Set in parkland near the town centre it’s now owned by the local town council. It’s free to visit, so while I was over in Chorley on Sunday I went for a walk through the park and decided to pop in to have a look at the house.

The house was built by the local Charnock family around 1575-1600. It looked quite different when it was fist built – a timber-framed house, around a small courtyard. A model on display inside the house suggests how it may have appeared at that time.

The distinctive front with the large mullioned bay windows, together with the long gallery on the top floor, was created when the house was remodelled around 1660.

The remodelled house has a very Elizabethan look to it, even though the changes were made just after the Restoration of Charles II, so the house must have appeared rather old fashioned at the time. Long galleries were popular during the later 16th and early 17th Centuries so to create one in the 1660’s was rather behind the times. But Lancashire during this period, before the Industrial Revolution, was very much a backwater. I suspect the owners had very little knowledge of contemporary fashions in house building and, in any case, were probably a little conservative in their tastes. The large windows that dominate the front of the house must have been intended as a display of wealth.

The front door is flanked by two pairs of rather crudely modelled Ionic columns supporting stone lions

Inside visitors can access a number of rooms which have been set up in period styles – Elizabethan, Tudor, Jacobean and Victorian.

Passing through the front door leads to the grand hall with it’s high ceiling with extremely ornate plasterwork. Many of the mouldings and figures are made of leather and lead which have been covered with plaster

The ceiling is rather over the top and gives a good indication of how the gentry in the sticks tried to impress visitors to their homes.

The panelling around the walls of the hall features full length portraits of notable people from the Elizabethan era, including Elizabeth I and Sir Francis Drake,  Philip II of Spain, Ambrogio Spinola, the explorers Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan, and Bajazet and Mohammed II, Sultans of Turkey.

The “Morning Room”, accessed through the door to the left of the Hall, is furnished in the style of the 17th and 18th Centuries.  The furniture was dark oak, and gave the room a very dark appearance despite the large bay window. During this time Walnut furniture was fashionable in the South of England, but hadn’t caught on in the North.

On the opposite side of the hall, the Drawing room is furnished in Victorian style. Like the Hall, it has a very ornate plaster ceiling.

With two of the four sides comprising large windows which overlook the ornamental lake, I expect it would be quite a bright room when it was occupied. Today there are blinds drawn across the window to protect the Flemish tapestries which depict the story of Jason’s quest for the Golden Fleece. Unfortunately, as flash photography was not allowed, my photos have come out rather dark.

The small Library has rather attractive inlaid oak panelled walls

The Dining Room, which overlooks the lake, has a decorated plaster, although it’s much more restrained than those in the Hall and Drawing Room, and inlaid oak panelled walls.

Much of the furniture is 17th Century, with some pieces, including the chairs and sideboard, from the 19th Century.

Moving upstairs to the first floor, two of the rooms have been furnished as bedrooms. The Master bedroom at the front of the house has a very grand Elizabethan oak four poster bed and some impressive pieces of oak furniture. The bed was reputedly slept in by Oliver Cromwell who is supposed to have stayed in the house in 1848 after the Battle of Preston. There’s a pair of boots on display on the ground floor that are alleged to have belonged to him and which he left behind in the house, but this seems rather improbable.

Notice the small  pull out bed where a servant would have slept so he or she was ready to attend to their masters’ needs.

The Long Gallery is on the second floor and runs along the entire width of the house.

It was obviously built by the 17th Century equivalent of John Wayne and Company as the floor and walls are rather uneven, to say the least! Long Galleries were used for leisure purposes such as entertaining guests, playing games and even taking exercise during inclement weather. Being in Lancashire which is well known for being rather wet, I guess it was well used.

There’s a pretty magnificent oak shuffleboard table – twenty three feet long with twenty turned legs.

A couple of rooms on the first floor have been converted into art galleries which are used to show work by local artists. There’s also a room with a display on the history of the house and another dedicated to local people who died in the First World War, including members of the Chorley Pals, who formed a company of the well Known Accrington Pals Battalion of the East Lancashire Regiment.

All in all the hall is something of a “little gem” and, as the Michelin Guide would say is “worth a diversion”. The park in which it’s set is also very pleasant with a mixture of playing fields, restored walled garden, bowling greens and woodland walks.

The art works displayed in the house are included on the BBC “your paintings” website here.

Keats House Museum, Hampstead

Leafy Hampstead. An area of London that’s close to the city centre, only 10 minutes on the Northern Line from Euston, but when you’re there, if you let yourself, you can almost believe that you’re in a small town in the country – helped by having the large expanse of open land that’s Hampstead Heath on the doorstep. It’s always been an area that’s appealed to artistic types – Ben Nicholson, Barbara Hepworth, Henry Moore, Lee Miller and George Orwell all lived here before the Second World War, and today it includes many celebrities amongst it’s wealthy residents.

Back in the 18th Century it was still a village outside the London metropolis which still hadn’t spread out this far. One of it’s residents for a few years during this period (between 1818 and 1820) was the Romantic poet John Keats. He lived in what was then a relatively new house, built in a style very typical of the Georgian / Regency period. It was here that he wrote many of his well known poems, including ‘Ode to a Nightingale’. He also becam romantically involved with Fanny Brawne, the girl next door, a story that inspired the film “Bright Star”. Today the building is a museum devoted to his memory – Keats House.

The museum is open Tuesday to Sunday, afternoons only, from 1pm to 5pm. During the winter months (beginning of November to the end of February) it is only open Friday to Sunday afternoons. We visited on a very pleasant, sunny Saturday afternoon in the early early autumn towards the end of September during a short break in London.

Wentworth House, as it was then known when Keats lived there, looks like a grand single residence. However, it was originally built as two quite separate houses. It was quite common during the Georgian period for architects to create the illusion that two or more houses were actually one larger residence – to help impress friends or neighbours who were unaware that they were being deceived. It was later converted to become one house and an extension added (which can be seen to the left of the main house in the picture above).

Keats lived with his friend Charles Brown in the smaller part of the building – the left hand side when viewed from the front. The front door served the larger of the two residences, occupied by the Brawn family. Keats’ and Brown’s house was accessed through a door in the left hand side of the building.

From the outside the building has a very restrained, simple appearance. Painted brilliant white it has many similarities with the Modernist buildings constructed from the 1930’s onwards and of which there are quite a number of examples in and around Hampstead although it has a traditional pitched roof  rather than a  flat type favoured by Modernist architects. It doesn’t have many neo-classical features typical of Georgian houses, other than the front door and the semi-circular arched recesses that surround the door and the two front ground floor windows. I think that it is an attractive building, other than the rather ugly extension.

It isn’t a particularly large building and a tour of the house and museum didn’t take us much more than an hour. Most of the original rooms have been furnished with typical furniture from the period and there are exhibits about Keats, his life and his time in the house. I found it particularly interesting to be able to look around. Many Georgian houses open to the public tend to be grander residences of aristocrats or more wealthy individuals. So, for me, as I’m not a Keats fanatic, the most interesting aspect of the visit was to be able to see the sort of spaces the less wealthy middle classes would have lived in. Although the house today, with it’s extension, is a decent size, when Keats lived here the two individual homes were relatively modest. Keats’ home was, to all intents and purposes, a “two up two down” with an additional two rooms down in the cellar. The Brawne’s part of the house was larger; probably about half as big again but it wasn’t a particularly large home for a family consisting of a mother and her two adult children, particularly if they had servants living in. The rooms were not particularly large, but I guess their space requirements were considerably less than that of the equivalent modern family as people at that time had far fewer possessions.

The museum was definitely worth the visit. It had architectural interest as well as providing a perspective on the everyday life of one of our major poets.

Culloden

The last battle fought on British soil took place on 16 April 1746 at Culloden, a few miles outside Inverness. Here, the Jacobite rebels led by “Bonnie Prince Charlie” were defeated by the Government Army. A large part of the battlefield is owned by the Scottish National Trust and they have allowed the landscape to revert back to something like it would have looked at the time of the battle. They’ve also constructed a state of the art Visitor Centre which opened in April 2008. It was an obvious place to visit during my recent trip to Inverness.

There’s a lot of myths surrounding Culloden – the “glorious” rebellion of the Jacobites and the “last stand of the clans” in particular. But the Jacobite uprising really has to be seen in it it’s proper context as part of the wider struggle for hegemony taking place between the European powers.

The Jacobites were bankrolled by the Catholic States (France and Spain) who used them as a way of attacking the British in their own backyard. If victorious, the Jacobites would have been beholden to their paymasters. The rebels were not a homogeneous movement. They were made up of various factions, each with their own agenda, uniting around James the Pretender as a convenient rallying point, but there wasn’t really a common cause. If the Jacobites had been successful and James became king it is likely that he would have tried to establish an absolute monarchy and many of the claims of the disparate groups would not have been achieved, probably leading to further struggles and civil war.

The myth about the clans is also false. There were highlanders on both sides. And the Government and Jacobites both employed foreign allies and mercenaries, reflecting the fact that this was part of the wider European struggle.

Walking around the battlefield it was clear why the Jacobites were so heavily defeated. The original plan was to catch the Government troops, who were camped in Nairn, a small town on the coast some 12 miles from Inverness where the Jacobites were based, by surprise by attacking during the night. But due to poor organisation the plan fell through and the Jacobites ended up gathering on the moor at Culloden where Bonnie Prince Charlie decided to give battle. It was a crazy decision as the terrain was not suited to the main tactic employed by the Jacobites – the “Highland charge”. When their troops charged at the Government forces they got bogged down and were cut to ribbons by musket and cannon fire and the bayonets of the Government troops.

Source: Wikipedia

Here’s Billy Connolly’s take on the Jacobites and  Culloden – including his “re-enactment” of the battle

Today the battlefield is a popular tourist attraction. There were American, Canadian, French and Italian visitors, and probably other nationalities, in the Visitor Centre and exploring the while I was there.

There are a number of memorials to fallen Highlanders and a large memorial cairn erected by the former landowner in 1881.

There’s one small monument to the fallen Government troops.

My English National Trust Membership allowed me free entry into the Visitor Centre, although it would have been worth paying the entry fee. It was excellent, employing new technology as well as the traditional style exhibits to tell the story of the battle and its wider context. There was an “immersion theatre” where visitors are surrounded by screens displaying images from a re-enaction of the battle, which made it seem like you were in the middle of a melee. I also liked the animated battle table which gave a birds eye view of the movements on the battlefield. They also provided an audio guide for the battlefield which used GPS technology to activate the relevant section of the commentary as you reached the various waypoints.

In many ways, the best part of the visit was walking around the battlefield on a cold, wet, windy May morning. It gave me something of a feel of what it must have been like for the troops on the day of the battle.